פרופ' זאב הרוי, מבכירי המלומדים והחוקרים במחשבת ישראל, עוסק מזה יובל שנים בחקר מגוון רחב של נושאים שעליהם פרסם ספרים ומאמרים רבים, דוגמת ספריו על רבי חסדאי קרשקש ומחקריו על הרמב"ם. יחסו המיוחד לתלמידיו הרבים הביא כמה מהם ליזום, סמוך לפרישתו לגמלאות, הוצאה לאור של ספר לכבודו. ייחודו של ספר זה בכך שכל המאמרים הכלולים בו הנם פירות מחקריהם של תלמידי פרופ' הרוי, שאותם הנחה בעבודות הדוקטור שלהם. הספר נושא את הכותרת אדם לאדם, בהשראת משפטו המפורסם של פלאוטוס, 'אדם לאדם זאב' בהיפוך משמעות: כביטוי לאישיותו המיוחדת של זאב הרוי, ליחס האנושי המכבד והחם שלו לכל אדם באשר הוא, ולזכות שניתנה לעורכי הספר ולכותבים בו להימנות עם תלמידיו. תכני המאמרים שבספר משקפים את מגוון התחומים שבהם עוסק פרופ' זאב הרוי. הקוראים ימצאו בו שלושה תחומים מרכזיים: הראשון מתמקד בהגותו של הרמב"ם, השני בפילוסופיה של רבי חסדאי קרשקש ושל הוגים נוספים בימי הביניים, ואילו התחום השלישי כולל מאמרים על הוגים יהודיים מתחילת העת החדשה ועד ימינו.

Analysing the political relations between the Kingdom of Poland and the hasidic movement, this book examines plans formulated by the government and by groups close to government circles regarding hasidim, and describes how a hasidic body politic developed in response. Marcin Wodziński demonstrates that the rise of hasidism was an important factor in shaping the Jewish policy of both central and provincial authorities and shows how the creation of socio-political conditions that were advantageous to the hasidic movement accelerated its growth. While concentrating on the dynamic that developed in the Kingdom of Poland, the discussion is informed by a consideration of the relationship between the state and the hasidic movement from its inception in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that, whereas most analyses of political culture concentrate on states and societies with well-established electoral systems of representation, Wodziński focuses on the under-researched area of political relations between a non-democratic state and a low-status community lacking authorized representation. Applying concepts more often associated with cultural history, his analysis draws a distinction between the terms of reference of high-level political debate and the actual implementation of policy middle- and low-level officials. Similarly, in analysing hasidic responses he differentiates between high-level hasidic representations in the state and the grassroots politics of the community. This combination enables a broad contextualization of the whole subject, integrating the social and cultural history of Polish Jewry with that of Polish society in general. 43 text figures, 2 maps

The Zohar is one of the most sacred, authoritative, and influential books in Jewish culture. Many scholarly works have been dedicated to its ideas, its literary style, and the question of its authorship. This book focuses on other issues: it examines the various ways in which the Zohar has been received by its readers and the impact it has had on Jewish culture, including the fluctuations in its status and value and the different cultural practices linked to these changes. This dynamic and multi-layered history throws important new light on many aspects of Jewish cultural history over the last seven centuries. Boaz Huss has broken new ground with this study, which examines the reception and canonization of the Zohar as well as its criticism and rejection from its inception to the present day. His underlying assumption is that the different values attributed to the Zohar are not inherent qualities of the zoharic texts, but rather represent the way it has been perceived by its readers in different cultural contexts. He therefore considers the attribution of different qualities to the Zohar through time, and the people who were engaged in attributing such qualities and making innovations in cultural practices and rituals. For each historical period from the beginning of Zohar reception to the present, Huss considers the social conditions that stimulated the veneration of the Zohar as well as the factors that contributed to its rejection, alongside the cultural functions and consequences of each approach. Because the multiple modes of the reception of the Zohar have had a decisive influence on the history of Jewish culture, this highly innovative and wide-ranging approach to Zohar scholarship will have important repercussions for many areas of Jewish studies.

אסופת המאמרים קבלה מיסטיקה ופואטיקה , פרי עטם של טובי החוקרים בארץ ובעולם, מתחקה אחר יחסי הגומלין בין קבלה, ספרות ומיסטיקה. המאמרים ממשיכים מסורת של חיפוש מתמשך ודיאלוג בין דיסציפלינות ורבדים פרשניים, לעתים מתוך הבנה, לעתים מתוך עימות ומאבק. מפגשים בין טקסטים מתרבויות שונות – יהדות, נצרות ואסלאם, וכלי פרשנות שונים – פיוטיים, דתיים ומיסטיים, הצומחים מתוך המפגש שבין הדיסציפלינות השונות במדעי האדם: אסתטיקה, ספרות ופואטיקה מזה ומיסטיקה ותאולוגיה מזה – אלה התכנים של מאמרי האסופה. האופן שבו מקובלים ומיסטיקנים נעזרים בטכניקות נרטיביות ופואטיות; פרשנויות קבליות ומאגיות לטקסטים פואטיים; ביקורת ספרותית והגות פילוסופית במונחים קבליים או מיסטיים – כל אלה באים בהם לכלל ביטוי: סודו של הבל בספר הזוהר ומסתורין השושנה; אהבה בשירת ישראל נג'ארה; הסוד ביצירת עגנון ויסודות קבליים ביצירותיו; השכינה במיסטיקה בספרות העברית החדשה; פרק תהלים לפאול צלאן; חורחה בורחס והשפה הקבלית; קריאה בפואטיקה הקבלית לאור הגותה של ז'וליה קריסטבה; דיונים במיסטיקה האסלאמית על ספרות, דמיון, מיסטיקה ויצירה; עיון במיסטיקה, שירה ותהליך היצירה בתרבות הערבית החילונית המודרנית; המיסטיקה כמפתח לרובד הסודי בקומדיה של דנטה; דון קישוט היהודי במסכה; מוות ואלכימיה אצל ג'ון דאן; ומיסטיקה וכתיבה ביצירתו של מרסל פרוסט.

השכינה – הנוכחות הנקבית הנמוכה של האלוהות היהודית – מתוארת בספרות הקבלה מימי הביניים באופן מפורט ומפותח. השאלות מה היו המקורות לתפיסותיהם של המקובלים את השכינה ומה היו מניעיהם להפצת האמונה בה, נידונו בהרחבה בספרות המחקר וזכו לתשובות מגוונות ומעמיקות. הספר קיצוץ בנטיעות: עבודת השכינה בעולמה של ספרות הקבלה המוקדמת אינו מבקש להציע תשובה חדשה לשאלות יסוד אלו אלא לבחון את תקפות השאלות. הטענה המרכזית בספר היא שחלק ניכר מבין המקובלים כלל לא פעלו מתוך רצון להפיץ את האמונה בשכינה, אלא ביקשו למתן ולרסן אמונה זו. המחבר פורש תזה חדשה, שלפיה יש לראות בחלקים מספרות הקבלה המוקדמת תגובה לאמונה יהודית במודל אלוהי בן שני רבדים: אלוהות זכרית גבוהה ואלוהות נקבית נמוכה. אמונה זו, שהתפתחה מחוץ לחוגי המקובלים המרכזיים, עוררה דאגה בקרב חלק מהמקובלים שראו בה כפירה חמורה, וכינוה בביטויים קשים כגון 'אמונה בשתי רשויות' או 'קיצוץ בנטיעות'. וייס מצביע בספרו על עדויות למאבק סביב עיצוב דמותה של השכינה במהלך מאה וחמישים השנים הראשונות להתפתחותה של ספרות הקבלה, תוך שהוא מתחקה אחר מסורות פחות ידועות מעולמן של תורות הסוד היהודיות שנותרו בעל פה או שהועלו על הכתב ברמז ובתמצית.

The historical consciousness of medieval Jewry has engendered lively debate in the scholarly world. The focus in this book is on the historical consciousness of the Jews of Spain and southern France in the late Middle Ages, and specifically on their perceptions of Christianity and Christian history and culture. In his detailed analysis of Jews’ understanding of the history of the communities they lived among, Ram Ben-Shalom shows that in these southern European lands Jews experienced a relatively open society that was sensitive to and knowledgeable about voices from other cultures, and that this had significant consequences for shaping Jewish historical consciousness. Among the topics that receive special attention are what Jews knew of the significance of Rome, of Jesus and the early days of Christianity, of Church history, and of the history of the Iberian monarchies. Ben-Shalom demonstrates that, despite the negative stereotypes of Jewry prevalent in Christian literature and increasing familiarity with that literature, they were more influenced by their interactions with Christian society at the local level. Consequently there was no single stereotype that dominated Jewish thought, and frequently little awareness of the two societies as representing distinct cultures. This book contributes to medieval Jewish intellectual history on many levels, demonstrating that, in Spain and southern France, Jews of the later Middle Ages evinced a genuine interest in history, including the history of non-Jews, and that in some cases they were deeply familiar with Christian and sometimes also classical historiography. In providing a comprehensive survey of the multiple contexts in which historiographical material was embedded and the many uses to which it was put, it enriches our understanding of medieval historiography, polemic, Jewish-Christian relations, and the breadth of interests characterizing Provencal and Spanish Jewish communities. This fascinating and well-documented study will appeal not only to scholars of Jewish studies and of medieval history and literature, but also to those interested in Christian history and historiography and in the long saga of Jewish-Christian relations.

Women are conspicuously absent from the Jewish mystical tradition. Only the Sabbatian movement, with its unprecedented female liberationist, egalitarian agenda, acknowledged women’s spiritual inspiration and invested them with authority. It abandoned the halakhic norms governing relations between the sexes, turned the Messiah's wife into his full consort, and generated a syncretistic cult of the ‘holy maiden’ venerated as the female messiah. A fascinating study of an early-modern movement that transcended traditional gender paradigms. Women are conspicuously absent from the Jewish mystical tradition. Even if historically some Jewish women may have experienced mystical revelations and led richly productive spiritual lives, the tradition does not preserve any record of their experiences or insights. Only the chance survival of scant evidence suggests that, at various times and places, individual Jewish women did pursue the path of mystical piety or prophetic spirituality, but it appears that they were generally censured, and efforts were made to suppress their activities. This contrasts sharply with the fully acknowledged prominence of women in the mystical traditions of both Christianity and Islam. It is against this background that the mystical messianic movement centered on the personality of Sabbatai Zevi (1626-76) stands out as a unique and remarkable exception. Sabbatai Zevi addressed to women a highly original liberationist message, proclaiming that he had come to make them ‘happy as men’ by releasing them from the pangs of childbirth and the subjugation to their husbands that were ordained for women as a consequence of the primordial sin. This unprecedented redemptive vision became an integral part of Sabbatian eschatology, which the messianists believed to be unfolding and experienced in the present. Their New Law, superseding the Old with the dawning of the messianic era, overturned the traditional halakhic norms that distinguished and regulated relations between the sexes. This was expressed not only in the outlandish ritual transgression of sexual prohibitions, in which the Sabbatian women were notoriously implicated, but also in the apparent adoption of the idea—totally alien to rabbinic Judaism—that virginity, celibacy, or sexual abstinence were conducive to women´s spiritual empowerment. Ada Rapoport-Albert traces the diverse manifestations of this vision in every phase of Sabbatianism and its offshoots. These include the early promotion of women to centre-stage as Messianic prophetesses; their independent affiliation with the movement in their own right; their initiation in the esoteric teachings of the Kabbalah; and their full incorporation, on a par with men, into the ritual and devotional life of the Messianic community. Their investment with authority was such as to elevate the Messiah's wife (a figure mostly absent from traditional messianic speculations) to the rank of full Messianic consort, sharing in her husband´s redemptive mission as well as his divine dimension. By the late eighteenth century, a syncretistic cult had developed that recognized in Eva—the unmarried daughter of Jacob Frank, one of Sabbatai Zevi´s apostate Messianic successors—an incarnate female aspect of the kabbalistic godhead, worshipped as `Holy Virgin´ and female messiah by her father’s devotees. This was the culmination of the Sabbatian endeavor to transcend the traditional gender paradigm that had excluded women from the public arena of Jewish spiritual life.

The philosopher, astronomer, and biblical exegete known both as Gersonides and Ralbag (1288-1344) wrote a veritable library of works that testify not only to the breadth of his intellectual concerns but to his attempt to forge a synthesis between the secular sciences and Judaism. This is the first English-language study to assess his place and significance for Jewish thought, and it offers a comprehensive picture of his philosophy that is both descriptive and evaluative. Gersonides (1288-1344), known also as Ralbag, was a philosopher of the first rank as well as an astronomer and biblical exegete, yet this is the first English-language study of the significance of his work for Jewish thought. Seymour Feldman, the acclaimed translator of Gersonides' most important work, The Wars of the Lord---a complete philosophical system and astronomical encyclopedia---has written a comprehensive picture of Gersonides' philosophy that is both descriptive and evaluative. Unusually for a Jewish scholar, Gersonides had contacts with several Christian notables and scholars. It is known that these related to mathematical and astronomical matters; the extent to which these contacts also influenced his philosophical thought is a matter of some controversy. Unquestionably, however, he wrote a veritable library of philosophical, scientific, and exegetical works that testify not only to the range of his intellectual concerns but also to his attempt to forge a philosophical-scientific synthesis between these secular sciences and Judaism. Unlike many modern scientists or philosophers, who either scorn religion or compartmentalize it, he did not see any fundamental discrepancy between the pursuit of truth via reason and its attainment through divine revelation: there is only one truth, with which both reason and revelation must agree. As a philosopher-scientist and biblical exegete Gersonides sought to make this agreement robustly evident. While philosophical and scientfic ideas have progressed since Gersonides' time, his work is still relevant today because his attempt to make prophecy and miracles understandable in terms of some commonly held philosophical or scientific theory is paradigmatic of a religion that is not afraid of reason. His general principle that reason should function as a 'control' of what we believe has interesting and important implications for the modern reader. Indeed, some of his basic arguments are favoured by many contemporary thinkers who attempt to incorporate modern science into their religious belief system. He was not afraid to make religious beliefs philosophically and scientifically credible; one could say that he pursued an 'ethics of belief' in that he held that there are constraints to what is believable, especially in religion. In this respect he was a precursor of Kant and Hermann Cohen: Judaism is or should be a religion of reason.

בין המאמרים המופיעים בכרך זה: יהודה ליבס – העירום והמלובש: עבודת הקודש הסודית והאזוטריות של פילון האלכסנדרוני ערן ויזל – שאלת חלקו של משה בכתיבת התורה בספרות חז"ל ובמעבר לימי הביניים דב שוורץ – דרכי קיצור ספר 'מקור חיים' לר' שלמה אבן גבירול בידי ר' שם טוב אבן פלקירה אליעזר חדד – 'לא תרצח' בכתבי הרמב"ם – בין אתיקה לפוליטיקה אבישי בר-אשר – 'פירוש של מאור קדוש' – גלגולי מדרשות ה'זוהר' בפירוש לא ידוע לעשרת הדיברות מאת ר' משה ד ליאון

Kabbalah, an esoteric lore whose study was traditionally restricted, played a surprisingly prominent and far-reaching role in eighteenth-century Prague. In this book Sharon Flatto uncovers the centrality of this mystical tradition for Prague’s influential Jewish community and its pre-eminent rabbinic authority, Ezekiel Landau, chief rabbi from 1754 to 1793. A towering eighteenth-century rabbinic leader who is best known for his halakhic responsa collection the Noda biyehudah, Landau is generally considered a staunch opponent of esoteric practices and public kabbalistic discourse. Flatto challenges this portrayal, exposing the importance of kabbalah in his work and thought and demonstrating his novel use of teachings from diverse kabbalistic schools. She also identifies the historical events and cultural forces underlying his reluctance to discuss kabbalah publicly, including the rise of the hasidic movement and the acculturation spurred by the 1781 Habsburg Toleranzpatent. In telling this story, the study offers the first systematic overview of the eighteenth-century Jewish community of Prague, and the first critical account of Landau’s life and writings, which continue to shape Jewish law and rabbinic thought to this day. Extensively examining Landau's rabbinic corpus, as well as a variety of archival and published German, Yiddish, and Hebrew sources, it provides a unique glimpse into the spiritual and psychological world of eighteenth-century Prague Jewry. Reconstructing the intellectual world and traditional society in which Landau lived, this study reveals the dominance of rabbinic culture in Prague during this transitional period, the ongoing significance of kabbalistic ideas and practices, and the city’s numerous distinguished figures and institutions. Its analysis of the spiritual trends that animated this culture demonstrates that Prague’s late eighteenth-century rabbinate was more influential, more conservative, and less open to modernization than has been recognized. Debunking the widespread scholarly portrayal of Prague as primarily under the influence of the modernizing West, Flatto shows that this key central European city was shaped more by traditional east European Jewish culture than by Western Enlightenment thought. By unraveling and exploring the many diverse threads that were woven into the fabric of Prague's eighteenth-century Jewish life, the book offers a comprehensive portrayal of rabbinic culture at its height in one of the largest and most important centres of European Jewry.

הביוגרפיה המשיחית של ישוע מנצרת מעוצבת בבשורה על פי יוחנן באופן שונה מאוד מעיצובה בשלוש הבשורות האחרות שנכללו בברית החדשה – הבשורות על פי מתי, מרקוס ולוקס. בשורה זו, שנכתבה ככל הנראה לקראת סוף המאה הראשונה לספירה מחוץ לארץ ישראל על ידי מי שיוונית הייתה שפת אמו, משקפת את עמדתו הייחודית של מחברה שניצב מול היהדות הרחבה מכאן ומול קבוצות מתחרות מבין חסידי ישוע מכאן. הבשורה על פי יוחנן, שהיא מסה תאולוגית יותר מאשר היא סיפור חייו של ישוע, זכתה לאהדה רבה בקרב נוצרים בשל רעיונותיה הדתיים החדשנים והנועזים. החיבור גם עורר עניין רב ביותר בקרב החוקרים, אם כי דווקא ספרות המחקר העברית על אודות יוחנן דלה. שמונה שיחות על הבשורה הרביעית בין חוקר המקרא יאיר זקוביץ לבין חוקר הנצרות הקדומה סרג' רוזר, מבליטות את שתי תכונותיה המרתקות : האחת – המשחק המורכב של מחברה בין הרצון לטעון כי המשיחיות של ישוע איננה אלא המשך הדרך המקראית לבין הרצון להתוות מהלכים רעיוניים חדשניים; השנייה – שיקוף מסורות יהודיות, אשר עדויותינו עליהן מחוץ להופעתן ביוחנן מאוחרות הרבה יותר. השיחות ממחישות את אופיו הפולמוסי של יוחנן ואת דרכו בפיתוח אסטרטגיות של הפרדה והיבדלות שתאומצנה על ידי הנצרות בהמשך הדרך .

The Land of the Bible, cradle of Judaism and Christianity, is a world of wonders. Here Abraham was asked by God to sacrifice his first born son Isaac, returning from decades of exile in Egypt the Israelites established a nation, and Jesus with the Twelve Apostles founded what would be known as Christianity. Due to its strategic position and spiritual significance, this small piece of land attracted kings, emperors, and sultans who throughout thousands of years claimed it in their quest to dominate the world. It is also a land of unique topographical phenomena: most notably the world's lowest spot, the Dead Sea, the largest Makhtesh, the Great Rift Valley, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Michael Medina’s three dimensional photos accompanied by Professor James H. Charlesworth’s descriptions walk you in Jesus’ footsteps as well as through some of the Holy Land’s most significant and spectacular historical, archeological, and topographical wonders.