בספר רישומים של כאב מנתחת אסתר כהן את מגוון המשמעויות שהיה לכאב הגופני בימי הביניים המאוחרים: כסמל לקדוּשה או כסימן לחטא, כעונש או כשיטת ריפוי, כאמצעי להשגת הודאה מנאשם או כדרך להבעת הזדהות עם סבלם של ישו והמרטירים. מבעד לחיבורים ולמסמכים שכתבו משפטנים, רופאים ותאולוגים, נשמעת גם ההמולה של קולות המתייסרים במכאובים. רישומים של כאב מצטרף אל שורה של מחקרים חשובים שדנו בעשורים האחרונים בהיסטוריה של הרגשות. כהן פורשת לעיני הקוראים, באופן מקורי ומעמיק, את קשת ההסברים וההצדקות שנתנו מלומדים באירופה בימי הביניים המאוחרים לרגש הסבל הגופני, הסברים – סותרים לפעמים – שעיצבו חוויה נפשית שונה מאוד מהחוויה המודרנית. בתקופה שבה דן הספר היו הכאב והסבל חלק מהותי ממארג החיים בגלל המגפות וריבוי המחלות, הרעב והמלחמות האינסופיות, השימוש בעינויים במערכת המשפט, ובעיקר בגלל המגבלות של הידע הרפואי ושל אמצעי שיכוך הכאב ואִלחושו. ואולם אחד הצדדים הייחודים לכאב בימי הביניים המאוחרים היה במשמעות החיובית שהעניקו לו: לדברי הוגים רבים בעת ההיא, הכאב מביא תועלת למידותיו הטובות של האדם. רישומים של כאב הוא אפוא ספר מפתח לכל המתעניין בהיסטוריה של אירופה בימי הביניים בכלל, ובפרט בתולדות הנצרות ובהיסטוריה של המשפט, התאולוגיה והרפואה. זו היסטוריה אינטלקטואלית-חברתית במיטבה, שדרכה משתקפים גם חיי היומיום והחיים החומריים בחברה האירופית בימי הביניים המאוחרים.

Something crucial and quite unprecedented happened to kabbalah in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Though it had previously been considered a highly secretive and esoteric tradition, its practitioners began to spread its doctrines throughout the Jewish world with missionary zeal. Their goal was ambitious: no less than the remodelling of the religious and ethical attitudes of the entire Jewish population, a reformation of Judaism. Few aspects of Jewish life and religious practice were not changed as a result of the spread of kabbalah. These innovations originated mainly in the city of Safed in Galilee. They were introduced by kabbalistic adepts, but would not have gained broad acceptance if they had not made sense to people in terms of their everyday lives. The kabbalistic corpus that emerged should thus be interpreted not just as the elaboration of a secretive literary tradition, but as a response to the needs of Jewish society in its manifest historical context. In addition, Roni Weinstein argues, these kabbalistic innovations were partly a response to changes in the Catholic world-view, revealing an intimate link with Counter-Reformation Catholicism that is explored here for the first time. The religious and political changes taking place in contemporary Ottoman settings also contributed to these changes. The effect of these developments on Jewish culture was nothing short of revolutionary, deeply affecting people’s lives at the time and also laying the foundations for change in future generations. Yet they were not presented as revolutionary: the early modern kabbalists understood that they would only succeed in spreading their message if they presented their doctrines as the natural continuation of what went before. Weinstein’s sociological reading of mystical texts encompasses a number of methodological innovations, including the need to consider the impact of the non-Jewish environment in the fashioning of Jewish texts. He sees the emergence of ‘Jewish modernity’ as the result of developments that were intrinsically Jewish rather than as a response to outside influences during the Enlightenment; controversially, he therefore places its origins in the Mediterranean world of the late sixteenth century rather than in eighteenth-century Berlin. His argument is based on a wide range of Jewish sources—including theological tracts, kabbalistic and ethical literature, hagiographies, mystical diaries, halakhic rulings and responsa, and community and confraternal regulations—as well as the testimonies non-Jewish travellers, and Catholic religious literature. This stimulating new reading of the development of kabbalistic texts and practices opens a new chapter in the understanding of Jewish modernity. The Hebrew edition of this book was awarded the Goren-Gottstein Prize for the Best Book in Jewish Thought 2010–2012.

16 באוקטובר 1943 היא מן היצירות העזות, המזעזעות והמרהיבות ביותר שנכתבו על פרשה אחת מתוך השואה של יהודי אירופה. המפתיע בטקסט הזה הוא הצירוף המתקיים בו בין תיעוד עיתונאי שנעשה בזמן אמיתי כמעט, כתיבה ספרותית מפוארת, בעלת עוצמה פואטית ורגשית מטלטלת, ומסה הגותית מעמיקה על דפוסי ההתנהגות הנאציים ועל "מסורת המכות וההסכנה למכות" של היהודים. ג'אקוֹמוֹ דֶבֶּנֶדֶטִי – יהודי-איטלקי, סופר, עיתונאי, מבקר וחוקר ספרות דגול – פורס ב- 16 באוקטובר 1943 את מסכת ההתהוות של האימה: גירוש יהודי גטו רומא. הסיפור (כי הוא קודם כול סיפור) חושף בכוח המזכיר רגעים בטרגדיות עתיקות מעין דקדוק שמכוחו מתרחש גירוש של קהילה יהודית בתוך מנגנון ההשמדה הנאצי; דקדוק שגם אם הוא חד-פעמי, יש בו איזו חוקיות עמוקה, מבעיתה, בין הדורס ובין הנדרסים. מבין סדקיו של התיאור הקפדני מבצבצים גם פרקי היסוד של המיתוס היהודי: בשיאו של הגירוש עולה פתאום זכר שיירי המצה הנשמרים בליל הסדר ומתוכם – יציאת מצרים, ובסיומו הנורא, בדממה הנותרת לאחר השלמתו של הגירוש, מביא דבנדטי את פתיחתה של מגילת איכה – "איכה ישבה בדד", והפעם – בלטינית, כהצבעה מתריסה אל עבר הנצרות המחרישה למראה הפשע הזה. בספר כלולות עוד שלוש מסות קצרות הנוגעות ברגעים שוליים יותר, אך עקרוניים, בתולדות השואה, וכל אחת מהן מרתקת בתובנותיה הנוקבות. חשובה במיוחד, דווקא היום, היא "שמונה יהודים" העוסקת בסוגיית האפליה המתקנת (של היהודים לאחר ההשמדה הנאצית ובכלל), המראה עד כמה כרוכה האפליה הזאת, האהבה והחסד המורעפים בדיעבד על מי שפשעו נגדם, באפליה הגזענית עצמה.

Richly illustrated and meticulously documented, this is the first comprehensive survey of synagogue textiles to be available in English. Bracha Yaniv, a leading expert in the field of Jewish ceremonial textiles, records their evolution from ancient times to the present. The volume contains a systematic consideration of the mantle, the wrapper, the Torah scroll binder, and the Torah ark curtain and valance, and considers the cultural factors that inspired the evolution of these different items and their motifs. Fabrics, techniques, and modes of production are described in detail; the inscriptions marking the circumstances of donation are similarly subjected to close analysis. Fully annotated plates demonstrate the richness of the styles and traditions in use in different parts of the Jewish diaspora, drawing attention to regional customs. Throughout, emphasis is placed on presenting and explaining all relevant aspects of the Jewish cultural heritage. The concluding section contains transcriptions, translations, and annotations of some 180 inscriptions recording the circumstances in which items were donated, providing a valuable survey of customs of dedication. Together with the comprehensive bibliography, inventory lists, and other relevant documentation, this volume will be an invaluable reference work for the scholarly community, museum curators, and others interested in the Jewish cultural heritage.

In the postmodern, relativist world-view with its refutation of a single, objective, and ultimate truth, it has become difficult if not impossible to argue in favour of one’s own beliefs as preferable to those of others. Miriam Feldmann Kaye’s pioneering study is one of the first English-language books to address Jewish theology from a postmodern perspective, probing the question of how Jewish theology has the potential to survive the postmodern onslaught that some see as heralding the collapse of religion. Basing her arguments on both philosophical and theological scholarship, Feldmann Kaye shows how postmodernism might actually be a resource for rejuvenating religion. Her response to the conception of theology and postmodernism as competing systems of thought is based on a close critical study of Rav Shagar (Shimon Gershon Rosenberg) and Tamar Ross. Rather than advocating postmodern ideas, she analyses their writings through the lens of the most radical of continental postmodern philosophers and cultural critics in order to offer a compelling theology compatible with that world-view. Whether the reader considers postmodernism to be inherently problematic or merely inconsequential, this study demonstrates why reconsidering these preconceptions is one of the most pressing issues in contemporary Jewish thought.

Every work on Jewish thought and law since the twelfth century bears the imprint of Maimonides. A. N. Whitehead’s famous dictum that the entire European philosophical tradition ‘consists of a series of footnotes to Plato’ could equally characterize Maimonides’ place in the Jewish tradition. The critical studies in this volume explore how Orthodox rabbis of different orientations—Shlomo Aviner, Naftali Zvi Yehudah Berlin (Netziv), Kalonymus Kalman Shapira, Joseph Kafih, Abraham Isaac Kook, Aaron Kotler, Joseph Soloveitchik, and Elhanan Wasserman—have read and provided footnotes to Maimonides in the long twentieth century. How well did they really understand Maimonides? And where do their arguments fit in the mainstream debates about him and his works? Each of the seven core chapters examines a particular approach. Some rabbis have tried to liberate themselves from the influence of his ideas. Others have sought to build on those ideas or expand them in ways which Maimonides himself did not pursue, and which he may well not have agreed with. Still others advance patently non-Maimonidean positions, while attributing them to none other than Maimonides. Above all, the essays published here demonstrate that his legacy remains vibrantly alive today.

How Jews use media to connect with one another has profound consequences for Jewish identity, community, and culture. This volume explores how the use of media can both create communities and divide them because of how different media shape actions and project anxieties, conflicts, and emotions. Taken together, the essays presented here consider how Jewish use of media at home and in the street, as well as in the synagogue and in school, affects the individual’s sense of ethnic and religious affiliation. They include closely observed case studies, in various national contexts, of the role of popular film, television, records, the Internet, and smartphones, as well as the role of print media, now and historically. They raise fascinating questions about how Jews and Jewish institutions harness, tolerate, or resist media to create their sense of social belonging as Jews within the wider society.

תרבות עממית מזוהה על פי רוב עם המשכיות. כיצד ניתן לעסוק בה במציאות של שבר וחורבן, המציאות שעמה התמודדו חוקרי הפולקלור הציונים לנוכח השואה? עם הידיעות הראשונות על החורבן באירופה, התאגדו רבים מהם בתל אביב והקימו את החברה לידע עם; במקביל הוקם בירושלים המכון לפולקלור יהודי. שני הארגונים המתחרים התמודדו באופנים שונים עם שברי החיים בגולה, וביקשו ליצור מתוכם משמעות חדשה. ספר זה בוחן את הפולקלוריסטיקה הציונית בשעה גורלית זו, מזווית שרואה במציאות השבורה יסוד עקרוני למחקר על תרבות בכלל, תוך שילוב גישות מחקר הפולקלור וחקר מדעים וטכנולוגיה. הספר מערער על ההבחנה בין ידע מחקרי אינדיבידואלי וידע עממי קולקטיבי, ובוחן את היומיום של המחקר: השימוש בארכיונים, העיסוק בדפים משרדיים, טקסי יובל של חוקרים ופרקטיקות של עריכה ועימוד. המתח בין תרבות לאומית ותרבויות אתניות (עדתיות) מואר כאן בצורה חדשה, כמו גם היחס בין אוונגרד לחקר הפולקלור.

The present-day traces of the Jewish past in Poland are complex. Jewish life lay in ruins after the Holocaust. Much evidence of ruin remains, but there are also widespread traces that bear witness to the elaborate Jewish culture that once flourished there, even in villages and small towns. One also sees places where Jews were murdered by the Germans in the war: not only in death camps and ghettos, but also in fields, forests, rivers, and cemeteries. After the war forty years of communism suppressed even the memory of the destroyed Jewish heritage. Today, by contrast, the historic Jewish culture of Poland is increasingly being memorialized, by local Poles as well as by foreign Jews. Synagogues and cemeteries are being renovated, monuments and museums are being set up. There are festivals of Jewish culture, hasidic pilgrims, and Jewish tourists; and local people who rescued Jews during the war are being honoured. In rediscovering the traces of memory one also finds clear signs of a local Jewish revival. This extensively revised second edition includes forty-five new photographs and updated explanatory texts. Together they suggest how to make sense of the past and discover its relevance for the present. This innovative, multi-layered book will appeal to everyone concerned with questions of history, memory, and identity.

Though the existence of Jewish regional cultures is widely known, the origins of the most prominent groups, Ashkenaz and Sepharad, are poorly understood, and the rich variety of other regional Jewish identities is often overlooked. Yet all these subcultures emerged in the Middle Ages. Scholars contributing to the present study were invited to consider how such regional identities were fashioned, propagated, reinforced, contested, and reshaped—and to reflect on the developments, events, or encounters that made these identities manifest. They were asked to identify how subcultural identities proved to be useful, and the circumstances in which they were deployed. The resulting volume spans the ninth to the sixteenth centuries, and explores Jewish cultural developments in western Europe, the Balkans, North Africa, and Asia Minor. In its own way, each contribution considers factors—demographic, geographical, historical, economic, political, institutional, legal, intellectual, theological, cultural, and even biological—that led medieval Jews to conceive of themselves, or to be perceived by others, as bearers of a discrete Jewish regional identity. Notwithstanding the singularity of each essay, they collectively attest to the inherent dynamism of Jewish regional identities.

Hasidism, a movement of religious awakening and social reform, originated in the mid-eighteenth century. After two and a half centuries of crisis, upheaval, and renewal, it remains a vibrant way of life and a compelling aspect of Jewish experience. This book explores the profound intellectual and religious issues that the hasidic masters raised in their Torah commentary, and brings to the fore the living qualities of their sermons ( derashot ). Ora Wiskind-Elper addresses a spectrum of topics: creation, revelation, and redemption; hermeneutics, epistemology, psychology, Romanticism, poetry and poetics, art history, Hebrew fiction, cultural history, and tropes of Jewish suffering and hope. Fully engaged in the texts and their spirituality, she brings them to bear on postmodernist challenges to traditional spiritual and religious sensibilities. This is a comprehensive study, unique in pedagogy, clarity, and originality. It uses the full range of critical scholarship on hasidism as a social and ideological movement. At the same time, it maintains a strong focus on hasidic Torah commentary as a conveyor of theology and value. Each of its chapters presents a fundamentally new approach. Wiskind-Elper’s translations are in themselves an innovative moment in the tradition and spiritual history of the passages she offers.

National Jewish Book Awards Finalist for the Nahum N. Sarna Memorial Award for Scholarship, 2018. Hasidism, a movement of religious awakening and social reform, originated in the mid-eighteenth century. After two and a half centuries of crisis, upheaval, and renewal, it remains a vibrant way of life and a compelling aspect of Jewish experience. This book explores the profound intellectual and religious issues that the hasidic masters raised in their Torah commentary, and brings to the fore the living qualities of their sermons ( derashot ). Ora Wiskind-Elper addresses a spectrum of topics: creation, revelation, and redemption; hermeneutics, epistemology, psychology, Romanticism, poetry and poetics, art history, Hebrew fiction, cultural history, and tropes of Jewish suffering and hope. Fully engaged in the texts and their spirituality, she brings them to bear on postmodernist challenges to traditional spiritual and religious sensibilities. This is a comprehensive study, unique in pedagogy, clarity, and originality. It uses the full range of critical scholarship on hasidism as a social and ideological movement. At the same time, it maintains a strong focus on hasidic Torah commentary as a conveyor of theology and value. Each of its chapters presents a fundamentally new approach. Wiskind-Elper’s translations are in themselves an innovative moment in the tradition and spiritual history of the passages she offers. Hasidism, a movement of religious awakening and social reform, originated in the mid-eighteenth century. After two and a half centuries of crisis, upheaval, and renewal, it remains a vibrant way of life and a compelling aspect of Jewish experience. This book explores the profound intellectual and religious issues that the hasidic masters raised in their Torah commentary, and brings to the fore the living qualities of their sermons.